|
|
|
Galerina hypnorum
 |
| Photo Information |
Copyright: Gert Paassen (Gert-Paassen)
![Gold Star Critiquer/Gold Note Writer [C: 1172 W: 2 N: 4398]](http://i1.treknature.com/misc/g-n-g.gif) (13360) |
| Genre: Fungi |
| Medium: Color |
| Date Taken: 2006-10-18 |
| Camera: Nikon D300 |
| Exposure: f/18.0, 1/20 seconds |
| More Photo Info: [view] |
| Photo Version: Original Version |
| Date Submitted: 2008-11-26 8:41 |
| Viewed: 505 |
| Favorites: 1 [view] |
| Points: 30 |
|
| [Note Guidelines] Photographer's Note [Dutch] |
Today a very little fungi, you can see that on the picture.
Look to the Mosses and the Lichen and to the fungi.
The Latin name are not 100% sure.
Latin name - Galerina hypnorum
I don't know the English name.
Galerina is a genus of small brown-spored saprotrophic agarics, with over 300 species found throughout the world, from the far north to remote Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean. This group is most noted for toxic species which are occasionally confused with hallucinogenic species of Psilocybe.
The genus Galerina is defined as small mushrooms of myceniod stature, with a pileipellis that is a cutis, and ornamented spores that are brown in deposit, where the spore ornamentation comes from an extra spore covering.
Galerina fruiting bodies are typically small, undistinguished mushrooms with a typical "little brown mushroom" morphology and a yellow-brown, light brown to cinnamon-brown spore print. The pileus is typically glabrous and often hygrophanous, and a cortina-type veil is present in young specimens of roughly half of recognized species, though it sometimes disappears as the mushroom ages in many of these species. Microscopically, they are highly variable as well, though most species have spores that are ornamented, lack a germ pore, and have a plage. Many species also have characteristic tibiiform cystidia. However, there are many exceptions, and many species of Galerina lack one or more of these microscopic characteristics. Ecologically, all Galerina are saprotrophs, growing in habitats like rotting wood or in moss.
Galerina has recently been found to be polyphyletic, consisting of at least three unrelated clades, although not all species were studied and for most currently recognized species is uncertain still in which they belong. Each of these clades corresponds to a subgenus of Galerina, as outlined by Kühner. The great diversity of micromorphology found in Galerina is probably due to the polyphyly of the genus.
The spores of Galerina feature an ornamentation that comes from the outer layer of the spore breaking up on maturity to produce either warts, wrinkles or "ears", flaps of material loosened from where the spore was attached to the basidia. This outer layer of the spore often is not complete, but has a clear patch in many species just above the attachment, this clear patch is called a plage. This plage is not evident in all species, and the spore covering does not always breakup in all species, making it sometimes difficult to correctly determine a mushroom of this genus.
The specific features that define the genus require a microscope to confirm. In the wild it can be difficult to determine a Galerina from a number of similar genera, such as Pholiota, Tubaria, Conocybe, Pholiotina, Agrocybe, Gymnopilus, Phaeogalera and Psilocybe. For the most part, Galerinas will be found associated with moss, and this can separate out the genus in nature fairly well. But this identification is more difficult in the section Naucoriopis, which does not associate with moss, and is a decomposer of wood.
Phaeogalera is genus that was segregated from Galerina by Kühner. Phaeogalera resemble Galerina in their habitat, macroscopic appearance, and spore print color, however, their microscopic characteristics (smooth spores with a distinct germ pore and non-tibiiform cystidia) more closely resemble Psilocybe. A recent study confirms the affinity of Phaeogalera and the non-psilocybin Psilocybe.
Many (though not all) Galerina contain alpha-amanitin and other amatoxins. Galerina steglichii is very rare, bruises blue and contains the hallucinogen psilocybin.
The extreme toxicity of some Galerina species means that recognition of Galerina is of great importance to mushroom hunters who are seeking hallucinogenic Psilocybe. Species like Galerina marginata may bear a superficial resemblance to Psilocybe cyanescens and other Psilocybe species. Galerina can be distinguished from psilocybian Psilocybe by the following characteristics:
Spore print color: blackish-brown to lilac-brown in Psilocybe, light brown to rusty brown in Galerina. Spore color can be seen by taking a spore print or by looking for evidence of spore drop on the stipe or on surrounding mushrooms.
Staining reaction: Psilocybian Psilocybe fruiting bodies stain blue to varying degrees when bruised, while Galerina do not. The strength of this reaction varies with the amount of psilocin present in the tissues of the mushroom. Fruiting bodies with little psilocin will stain weakly if at all, while sporocarps with a high psilocin content will stain strongly blue. Only one rare Galerina has blue-staining tissue, though in some cases the flesh will blacken when handled, and this may be misinterpreted as a bluing reaction.
Although these rules are specific to the separation of Galerina from certain Psilocybe, since mixed patches of Psilocybe and Galerina can occur, it is essential to be sure of the identity of each sporocarp collected.
Galerina also present some risk of confusion with several species of small edible mushrooms, notably Kuehneromyces mutabilis[citation needed] and "candy cap" Lactarius (L. camphoratus, L. fragilis, and L. rubidus).
Notable species
Galerina vittiformis is the type species of the genus Galerina. This species is common in beds of damp moss (along with many other species of Galerina). There are a number of variations of this species that have been named over the years: var. vittiformis f. vittiformis is a 2-spored species; var. vittiformis f. tetrasporis is a 4-spored form; var. pachyspora has been collected on Macquarie Island.
Galerina marginata (also known as autumn skullcap, or deadly galerina) is a poisonous species found throughout the temperate regions of the world, in habitats as diverse as forests and urban parklands, wherever rotting wood is found. DNA studies found that Galerina autumnalis and five other species of Galerina with similar morphologies were, in fact, synonyms of Galerina marginata.
Galerina sulcipes, a lethal species found in Indonesia and responsible for deaths there. One study found it more toxic than Amanita phalloides.
Several Galerina species are listed by the US Forest Service as "species of special concern" in the Northwest Forest Plan. These species are considered indicator species for old growth coniferous forest in the Pacific Northwest: Galerina atkinsonia, Galerina cerina, Galerina heterocystis, Galerina sphagnicola, and Galerina vittiformis. |
siggi, fungiman, crs, zulfu, nglen, jaycee, xTauruSx, bahadir, pekkavalo1, NinaM, boreocypriensis, sandpiper2 has marked this note useful
Only registered TrekNature members may rate photo notes. |
|
|
| Discussions |
| None | | You must be logged in to start a discussion. |
|
- siggi
![Gold Star Critiquer/Gold Star Workshop Editor/Gold Note Writer [C: 1336 W: 56 N: 4502]](http://i1.treknature.com/misc/g-g-g.gif)
(15508) - [2008-11-26 9:06]
-
Hello Gert,
A lovely shot of this fungis.
Great lighting and excellent detail, beauty colours great pov dof and framing
Superb work,well done.
Regards Siggi
Hi Gert,
I like this small world so much, like being in a fantasie film, so sad that we don't look very often so close to the ground of the forrest we are walking in - very interesting and beautiful things to see there, thanks
Sabine - wishnugaruda
-
- crs
(3543)
- [2008-11-26 10:33]
-
Hello Gert,
What a fine photo of the mushrooms you have made. The moss near it looks great as it makes a fine contrast with the main subject and helps viewer see the dimension of the mushroom. Image is very good being sharp and therefore making visible good details.
Thank you for sharing,
Cristian
-
- zulfu
(858)
- [2008-11-26 10:41]
-
Hello Gert, wonderful close up shot of these wonderful mushrooms. Splendid colours and composition.
TFS and G's,
Mehmet
-
- nglen
![Gold Star Critiquer/Silver Workshop Editor/Gold Note Writer [C: 2860 W: 34 N: 8481]](http://i1.treknature.com/misc/g-s-g.gif)
(31692) - [2008-11-26 11:00]
-
Hi Gert, This picture of the little fungi looks like it is in a forest of green moss. You have captured it with your usual detail and rich colours. I like the low POV you have used to take this shot. well done. TFS.
Nick..
-
- jaycee
(21912)
- [2008-11-26 11:51]
-
Hi Gert,
How beautiful these two fungi look amidst all the greenery. Wonderful lighting, natural colors and superb details. An excellent composition with educational notes.
Jane
Hello Gert,
A superb close-up shot and composition of these slender mushroomms. Wonderful details.
TFS and greetings,
Deniz
Hi Gert,
Wonderfulk close up shot of these beautifully coloured mushrooms with wonderful details and composition.
TFS and regards,
Bahadır
Hi Gert,
Excellent capture of this tiny fungi surrounded by other small vegatation which would be common to see also in Southern Finalnd but not here in UK. Good POV, composition and lighting, sharp interesting details.
TFS
Pekka
Hi My big Bro Gert,
A lovely and great macro capture of this tint mushoom with great DOF/POV and composition. Wonderful 3-D effect.
TFS and cheers,
Bayram
-
- Ishi
(3604)
- [2008-11-27 1:11]
-
Hi Gert,
This is a very nice composition of form and color. A very effective way to present such a small, and otherwise not particularly impressive mushroom.
Well done!
Ishi
Hi Gert
Gee these are tiny fungi. They look great amongst the moss and lichens.
Great light and long exposure. Great sharpness and excellent composition. Excellent low-down POV.
Chris
-
- joey
(24727)
- [2008-11-27 14:41]
-
Hi Gert,
a nice photo of these two delicate mushrooms.
Excellent colours that are nice and vibrant.
Sharp with great detail.
Perfect composition.
Well done,
Joe
Awesome capture of this Galerina in a beautiful environment.
I love this kind of shot,and I see you've got a few Pixie Cups (Cladonia lichen) there too.
Excellent exposure,details and colour.
Very nice work.
Cheers
Steve
Hy Gert
I will not say that I like this little fungus. I like everything in this picture: it is a micro-world, so green and very diverse.
I really like this mini landscape, remind me the movie "Microcosmos": http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0117040/.
Regards, Oana
