| Photo Information |
Copyright: Oana Otilia Saracutu (oanaotilia)
![Gold Star Critiquer/Silver Workshop Editor/Gold Note Writer [C: 309 W: 19 N: 506]](http://i1.treknature.com/misc/g-s-g.gif) (1682) |
| Genre: Landscapes |
| Medium: Color |
| Date Taken: 2008-07-25 |
| Categories: Trees |
| Exposure: f/4, 1/30 seconds |
| More Photo Info: [view] |
| Photo Version: Original Version |
| Date Submitted: 2008-08-13 3:22 |
| Viewed: 2140 |
| Points: 4 |
|
| [Note Guidelines] Photographer's Note |
European or common beech forest
Beech forests are characterised by the dominance of
European beech Fagus sylvatica L. or its transitional
hybrids with Fagus orientalis Lipsky in the eastern
and southern parts of the Balkan Peninsula, and
along the eastern periphery of the Carpathians
Distribution: Middle, western and southern Europe area. Northern border of this area go through the sourthen part of Graet Britain, nothern part of Germany, Denmark , and southern Sweden,also in Norway (the northermost occurence of european beech is 60.7 north latitude), northern Poland and some parts of Russia. eastern border go through Poland, Ukraine, Moldavia , in the south east along the Black Sea coastline (lowest point in 17 m above the sea level by Burgas in Bulgaria.)In the souteastern and southern Europe in the mountains of Balkan Penninsula, Apennine Mountains, Corsica, Sicily, in Spain, mostly in Pyrenees and Cantabrian Mountains.
Vertical occurence range is 17-2000m above the sea level.
from:http://botany.cz/en/fagus-sylvatica/
Important additional tree species include Acer platanoides,
Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula, Carpinus betulus,
Castanea sativa, Fraxinus excelsior, Populus tremula,
Prunus avium, Quercus petraea, Quercus robur,
Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia cordata, Tilia platyphyllos,
Ulmus glabra.
In Romania, vertical occurence range is 600-1300m above the sea level. The beech forests occurs also at lower level (around 400m)on shaded slopes or higher than 1300m on sunny slopes.
Regarding to European forest types
Categories and types for sustainable
forest management reporting and policy from European Environment Agency, 2006, in Carpathian Mountains are two beech forest types:
1.Carpathian submountainous beech forest
This type includes beech dominated forest of lower
altitudes in the Carpathian region. This means that
beech forests under very different biogeographical
influences belong to this type. Beech forests
occurring west and north of the Carpathians
resemble to medio‑European beech forests, whereas
those east‑southeast of the Carpathians (Romanian,
Ukrainian Carpathians, east of the Uz and the Stry,
and of the west Ukrainian, Moldavian pre‑Carpathic
hills and plateaux) represent a special type at the
eastern limit of distribution of beech. In this latter
type tree layer is dominated by Fagus sylvatica, or,
locally, Fagus orientalis, Fagus moesiaca, Fagus taurica.
Characteristic species include Symphytum cordatum,
Cardamine glanduligera, Hepatica transsilvanica,
Pulmonaria rubra, Leucanthemum waldsteinii,
Silene heuffelii, Ranunculus carpaticus,
Euphorbia carniolica, Aconitum moldavicum,
Saxifraga rotundifolia ssp. heuffelii,
Primula elatior ssp. leucophylla, Hieracium rotundatum,
Galium kitaibelianum, Moehringia pendula,
Festuca drymeja
2.Carpathian mountainous beech forest
This type includes beech‑dominated forest
belonging to the Symphyto cordatae‑Fagion alliance.
These mountainous beech forests have a strong
central European character, though in the south/
south‑eastern Carpathians the effects of the
eastern Mediterranean are more pronounced.
Important tree species are Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba,
Picea abies, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus glabra.
In this region large tracks of almost pure Fagus
stands are characteristic. The sparse shrub layer is
composed of Sambucus racemosa, Lonicera xylosteum,
Lonicera nigra, Rubus hirtus, Daphne mezereum,
Ribes uva-crispa. Of the many herb species
Cardamine glanduligera, Polystichum braunii,
Symphytum cordatum, Pulmonaria rubra, Actaea spicata,
Euphorbia carniolica, Hepatica transsilvanica,
Aconitum lycoctonum ssp. moldavicum are distinctive
for this type.
I took this picture in so called submountainous beech forest level.The sky was clouded and I didn't use a tripod(I did't cary with me at that moment). But I hope you like it! |
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